传说中的上海英语高考到底有多难

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2019年1月6日上海春季高考英语笔试落下帷幕，上海教育考试院给出的观点是命题设计合理，兼具基础性、综合性、应用型、创新性。在全国的高考英语试卷评比中，上海高考英语试卷的难度是五星级难度，而今年春季的上海卷则有考生反映“难出了天际”，被议论最多的当属其语篇来源。本文尝试精析该试卷的语法与词汇填空题，向大家展示出题者对于原文处理的基本逻辑，也可以窥豹一斑地让大家直观地感受下这五星级的高考卷到底有多难。

1985年上海高考自主命题开始就一直选用英美报刊语篇，《纽约时报》、《卫报》、《金融时报》、《芝加哥论坛》等英美报刊都是语篇来源的常客。

今年的完型填空选自《卫报》，文章讲述了旅游业给社会经济发展带来的变化，旅游业的过度开发不仅影响当地的社会经济，更会破坏人类生存的生态环境。虽然文本看似易读，但是高级别的干扰项给学生选择带来模弄两可，比如像alternative的形容词和名词的用法，必须掌握牢固才能将其从干扰项中选出来。

原文链接https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2017/aug/04/tourism-kills-neighbourhoods-save-city-break

 

阅读理解C篇选自《金融时报》，文章主题是关于新能源，讲述了核电发展的瓶颈，如何利用高效的核能为人类服务是未来科技研发的重点。

原文链接https://www.ft.com/content/c2bd2f8c-8b67-11e8-b18d-0181731a0340

 

概要写作选自的是美国环保署关于蜜蜂的保护的文章，强调人与自然生态的和谐相处。

原文链接https://www.epa.gov/pollinator-protection/colony-collapse-disorder

 

大部分的文章都是围绕新课程中的“人与自然”、“人与社会”、“人与自我”三大主题去全面考查学生英语学科的核心素养。

我们再来看下课程标准。《上海市中小学英语课程标准（征求意见稿）》中明确规定听说读写的六级水平标准，其他省市为五级测试水平标准。（P49）

六级水平表述如下：

听：

1,能听懂外籍人土所作报告的大意

2.能从广播、电视电影等有声媒体中获取信息

3.课外视听量不少于100小时(累计)

说：

1.能就一般话题进行比较顺畅的交谈

2.能参加辩论,表明自己的观点

3.能承担一般性内容的演讲和报告等现场的口译任务

4．能参与英诺小品和戏刚的演出/表演

读：

1.能较为流利地朗读多种体裁的话言材料

2.能借助工具书读懂报刊、杂志、网络等媒体上的语言材料

3.阅读一般的科苦读物

4.能阅读通俗的文学原著

5.课外阅读量不少于50万词(累计)

写：

1.能作会议摘要、采访简录的文字记录

2.能制作图表；能撰写简单报告

3.能制作体现英语文化特征的广告和海报

从听说读写的四个方面可以看出上海高考英语测试的难度，比如课外阅读量不少于50万词(累计)，这也是很多同学反映阅读理解难的原因，读的少在高考中即使遇到改编的原文也会处处碰壁。另外它的词汇量要求也基本在4000-5000左右，词汇体系构建也是一个基础性的环节。

接下来为大家精析下语法与词汇选择试题

2019年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试

上海卷 英语

 
II. Grammar andVocabulary 语法与词汇
SectionB
Directions:Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can beused only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

Bill Drayton believes we’re in themiddle of a necessary but painful historical transition. For millenniums mostpeople's lives had a certain  31 .You went to school to learn a trade or a skill-baking, farming or accounting.Then you could go into the work force and make a good living repeating the sameskill over the course of your career. 
 
But these days machines can do prettymuch anything that's  32 .The new world requires a different sort of person. Drayton calls this new sortof person a changemaker.
 
Changemakers are people who can see thepatterns around them, identify the problems in any situation, figure out waysto solve the problem, organize fluid teams, lead collective action and then  33  adapt as situations change.
 
For example, Ashoka fellow AndrésGallardo is a Mexican who lived in a high crime neighborhood. He created anapp, called Haus, that allows people to  34  with theirneighbors. The app has a panic button that  35  everybody in the neighborhood when a crime ishappening. It allows neighbors to organize, chat, share crime statistics andwork together.
 
To form and lead this community ofcommunities, Gallardo had to possess what Drayton calls "cognitiveempathy-based living for the good of all." Cognitive empathy is theability to perceive how people are feeling in  36  circumstances. "For the good of all"is the capacity to build teams.
 
It doesn't matter if you are working inthe cafeteria or the inspection line of a plant, companies will now only hirepeople who can  37  problems and organize responses.
 
Millions of people already live withthis mind-set. But a lot of people still inhabit the world of following rulesand repetitive skills. They hear society telling them: "We don't need you.We don't need your kids, either." Of course, those people go into reactionarymode and strike back.
 
The central  38  of our time, Drayton says, is to make everyonea changemaker. In an earlier era, he says, society realized it needed universal 39 . Today, schools have todevelop the curriculums and assessments to make the changemaking mentalityuniversal. They have to understand this is their criteria for success.
 
Ashoka has studied social movements tofind out how this kind of  40  shift can be promoted. It turns out thatsuccessful movements take similar steps.
 

选自《纽约时报》原文链接：https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/08/opinion/changemaker-social-entrepreneur.html

Everyone a Changemaker

By David Brooks

·       Feb. 8, 2018

（1）Bill Drayton invented the term “socialentrepreneur” and founded Ashoka, the organization that supports 3,500 of themin 93 countries. He’s a legend in the nonprofit world, so I went to him thisweek to see if he could offer some clarity and hope in discouraging times. Hedid not disappoint.

（2）Drayton believes we’re in the middleof a necessary but painful historical transition. For millenniums most people’slives had a certain pattern. You went to school to learn a trade or a skill —baking, farming or accounting. Then you could go into the work force and make agood living repeating the same skill over the course of your career.

（3）But these days machines can do prettymuch anything that’s repetitive. The new world requires a different sort ofperson. Drayton calls this new sort of person a changemaker.

（4）Changemakers are people who can seethe patterns around them, identify the problems in any situation, figure outways to solve the problem, organize fluid teams, lead collective action andthen continually adapt as situations change.

（5）For example, Ashoka fellow AndrésGallardo is a Mexican who lived in a high crime neighborhood. He created anapp, called Haus, that allows people to network with their neighbors. The apphas a panic button that alerts everybody in the neighborhood when a crime ishappening. It allows neighbors to organize, chat, share crime statistics andwork together.

（6）To form and lead this community ofcommunities, Gallardo had to possess what Drayton calls “cognitiveempathy-based living for the good of all.” Cognitive empathy is the ability toperceive how people are feeling in evolving circumstances. “For the good ofall” is the capacity to build teams.

（7）It doesn’t matter if you are workingin the cafeteria or the inspection line of a plant, companies will now onlyhire people who can see problems and organize responses.

（8）Millions of people already live withthis mind-set. But a lot of people still inhabit the world of following rulesand repetitive skills. They hear society telling them: “We don’t need you. Wedon’t need your kids, either.” Of course, those people go into reactionary modeand strike back.

（9）The central challenge of our time,Drayton says, is to make everyone a changemaker. To do that youstart young. Your kid is 12. She tells you about some problem — the other kidsat school are systematically mean to special-needs students. This is a big moment.You pause what you are doing and ask her if there’s anything she thinks she cando to solve the problem, not just for this kid but for the next time ithappens, too.

（10）Very few kids take action to solve thefirst problem they see, but eventually they come back having conceived andowning an idea. They organize their friends and do something. The adult job nowis to get out of the way. Put the kids in charge.

（11）Once a kid has had an idea, built ateam and changed her world, she’s a changemaker. She has the power. She’ll goon to organize more teams. She will always be needed.

（12）Drayton asks parents: “Does yourdaughter know that she is a changemaker? Is she practicing changemaking?” Hetells them: “If you can’t answer ‘yes’ to these questions, you have urgent workto do.”

（13）In an earlier era, he says, societyrealized it needed universal literacy. Today, schools have to develop thecurriculums and assessments to make the changemaking mentality universal. Theyhave to understand this is their criteria for success.

（14）Ashoka has studied social movements tofind out how this kind of mental shift can be promoted. It turns out thatsuccessful movements take similar steps.

（15）First, they gather a group of powerfuland hungry co-leading organizations. (Ashoka is working with Arizona State andGeorge Mason University.) Second, the group is opened to everybody. (You neverknow who is going to come up with the crucial idea.) Third, the movementcreates soap operas with daily episodes. (The civil rights movement createdtelevised dramas with good guys and bad guys, like the march from Selma.)

（16）I wonder if everybody wants to be achangemaker in the Drayton mold. I wonder about any social vision that isn’tfundamentally political. You can have a nation filled with local changemakers,but if the government is rotten their work comes to little. The social sectorhas never fully grappled with the permanent presence of sin.

（17）But Drayton’s genius is his capacityto identify new social categories. Since he invented the social entrepreneurcategory 36 years ago, hundreds of thousands of people have said, “Yes, that’swhat I want to be.” The changemaker is an expansion of that social type.

（18）Social transformation flows frompersonal transformation. You change the world when you hold up a new and moreattractive way to live. And Drayton wants to make universal a quality manypeople don’t even see: agency.

（19）Millions of people don’t feel thatthey can take control of their own lives. If we could give everyone the chanceto experience an agency moment, to express love and respect in action, theramifications really would change the world.

 

（861words）

解析：

本文选自纽约时报网站与2018年2月发布在观点评论版块的一篇社会类文章，原文题目叫做Everyonea Changemaker（每个人都是“创变者”），changemaker本身词义是零钱兑换机，这里是people who makes changes，也就是致力于变革的人群。作者大卫·布鲁克斯是出生于加拿大的纽约时报专职评论员，曾供职诸多如华盛顿邮报、华尔街日报等主流媒体。

 

本文原文全长861个单词，上海的春季高考卷选词填空试题摘选了其中一部分约400个单词的篇章，主要集中在文章的上半部分，试题的第一段是原文的第二段，除了在开头补全了人名Bill以外文字上没有做任何的改动（如原文划线部分所示）。值得注意的是，纽约时报是蓝思阅读指数相对比较高的读物。Lexile（蓝思指数）是有美国科学基金会为提高美国学生的阅读能力而研究出的一种衡量学生阅读水平和标识书籍难易程度的标准。蓝思指数的范围是最低200L，最高1700L。

 

本文主要介绍了被誉为社会企业家（social entrepreneur）之父、社会创投领域宗师级人物的比尔·德雷顿的故事，自1981年在印度选拔第一位创业者，他所创建的阿育王机构迄今已孵化出近3000名社会企业家，遍布四大洲90多个国家，服务全世界超过350万人。文章主要讲述了他的一些观点，即工作岗位有差异而与时俱进、变革与创新意识是必备的能力，这与当下中国改革开放四十周年并坚持持续改革的新时代背景是密切相关，属于考生相对熟悉的话题。

 

其中一些灵活用法的词给“定势思维”的同学们带来陷阱，比如network在考纲中是名词，文章中用作动词，典型的熟词生义。另外是repetitive这个词，被很多同学视为超纲词，其实，学生们在在平时只从表面记忆，而没有掌握考试大纲中明确要求的构词法中的转换法。在考纲中有repeat的用法，那么它转换的为repetitive和repetitively可能同学就没有拓展出来，这是典型的词汇转化。

 

31 pattern
根据前面的不定冠词a可以判断该空缺少一个名词，根据句意选择pattern，意为模式。下文的第三段第一句话直接给出提示。


32 repetitive
缺少修饰不定代词anything的一个形容词作表语，根据下文“全新的世界需要一种不同类型的人”直接引出变革的必要性，前文中机器可以从事几乎所有的重复repetitive生产也就说得通了。


33 continually
整个段落就一句话，讲述Changemakers变革者的定义。主要篇幅在who引导的定语从句上，不难发现这里缺少的是修饰动词adapt的一个副词，根据句意选择continually，意为不断地。


34 network
这里可以联想到allow…to do的结构，可以判断缺少了一个原型的动词。这里的network活用作动词，意为communicate with and within a group，意为建立联系网。


35 alerts That引导的定语从句修饰先行词button，可以判断为缺少一个三单的动词，选项中符合这一条件的只有alerts，意为这个应用上有个应急按钮可以在犯罪发生时警示附近的所有人。


36 evolving
缺少修饰circumstances（情况）的形容词，这句话简单定义了cognitive empathy认知移情的概念，提到这是一种能感知人们在发展演变的（evolving）环境中如何感受的能力。


37 locate
根据情态动词后面用动词原形的原则可以得知这里缺少一个原形动词，根据句意选择locate，此处意为查找、找出。


38 challenge
定冠词the后面缺少一个名词，后面的is又显示是一个单数名词，根据句意选择challenge，意为挑战。


39 literacy
缺少一个宾语，可判断词性为名词，根据下文提到学校、课程以及评估可以得知填literacy，意思为文化素养。


40 mental
缺少修饰shift的形容词作定语，上文提到了mentality，可得知这里填它的形容词形式mental，意为精神上的。